Twilight Sleep, known medically as Dammerschlaf, was developed in 1906 by German obstetricians Bernhardt Kronig and Karl Gauss. While it was a medical innovation, its rapid spread in places like New York was heavily driven by a grassroots campaign connected to first-wave feminism. Advocates like Hanna Rion promoted it as a liberation from the agony of childbirth, framing it as a step toward gender equality. However, the method's safety was controversial from the start. By the late 1910s, concern