The first time I was in school for electrical engineering (long story), I had a professor who had never worked in the industry. I was in her class and the topic of the day was measuring AC waveforms.

Square-root-calculating circuits find wide use in instrumentation and measurement systems for such tasks as calculating the rms (root-mean-square) value of an arbitrary waveform, for example. Hence, ...

If you measure a DC voltage, and want to get some idea of how “big” it is over time, it’s pretty easy: just take a number of measurements and take the average. If you’re interested in the average ...