On his way back from self-imposed exile in Paris, in 1844, Heinrich Heine caught a first glimpse of Prussian soldiers in Aachen, a city in the far west corner of Germany: With which they used to be ...

TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in its ...

Germany’s reputation for militarism did not begin with Hitler—it stretched back through Prussian discipline, noble warrior culture, and a state built around its army. For centuries, rulers believed ...

The Prussian Army dominated Europe in the 1800s through discipline, innovation, and reform. Rooted in Frederick the Great’s traditions, it evolved into a modern, efficient force under leaders like ...